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Combining L-Arginine with Vitamin C Improves Long-COVID Symptoms: The Nationwide Multicenter LINCOLN Study

Izzo et al., Pharmacological Research, doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106360, LINCOLN

Jul 2022

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Vitamin C for COVID-19

6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020

^*, now known with p = 0.000000087 from 70 studies, recognized in 11 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, and recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

Long COVID trial comparing L-arginine + vitamin C with multivitamin treatment (vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, nicotinamide, folic acid, pantothenic acid), showing significant improvement in symptoms with L-arginine + vitamin C treatment.

This is the 49th of 70 COVID-19 controlled studies for vitamin C, which collectively show efficacy with p=0.000000087 (1 in 11 million).

21 studies are RCTs, which show efficacy with p=0.0012.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

relative recovery, 41.4% better, RR 0.59, p < 0.001, treatment mean 8.15 (±1.3) n=869, control mean 13.9 (±2.3) n=521, relative symptom score.

relative recovery, 67.5% better, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 869, control 521, relative Borg score.

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates

Izzo et al., 19 Jul 2022, prospective, Italy, peer-reviewed, 21 authors, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with L-arginine) - results of individual treatments may vary, LINCOLN trial.

This Paper Vitamin C All

Combining L-Arginine with vitamin C improves long-COVID symptoms: The LINCOLN Survey

Raffaele Izzo, Valentina Trimarco, Pasquale Mone, Massimo Teresita Aloè, Massimo Capra Marzani, Antonio Diana, Giovanni Fazio, Mario Mallardo, Mauro Maniscalco, Giuseppe Marazzi, Nunzia Messina, Simone Mininni, Chiara Mussi, Girolamo Pelaia, Alfio Pennisi, Pierachille Santus, Francesco Scarpelli, Francesco Tursi, Alessandro Zanforlin, Gaetano Santulli, Bruno Trimarco

Pharmacological Research, doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106360

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Flow chart of the study. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

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Late treatment
is less effective

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