Louca et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health,
doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 (preprint 11/30/20) (Peer Reviewed)
Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445 850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app
Survey analysis of dietary supplements showing no significant difference in PCR+ cases with vitamin C usage in the UK, however significant reductions were found in the US and Sweden. These results are for PCR+ cases only, they do not reflect potential benefits for reducing the severity of cases. A number of biases could affect the results, for example users of the app may not be representative of the general population, and people experiencing symptoms may be more likely to install and use the app.
Louca et al., 11/30/2020, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 26 authors.
risk of COVID-19 case, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, odds ratio converted to relative risk, United Kingdom, all adjustment model.
Effect extraction follows
pre-specified rules
prioritizing more serious outcomes. For an individual study the most serious
outcome may have a smaller number of events and lower statistical signficance,
however this provides the strongest evidence for the most serious outcomes
when combining the results of many trials.