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30 vitamin C COVID-19 controlled studies,
9 RCTs
https://c19vitaminc.com/meta.html
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
All studies 11% 30
32,026
Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk With exclusions 20% 18
2,220
Mortality 15% 20
15,169
Ventilation 1% 3
370
ICU admission 6% 4
554
Hospitalization 12% 7
931
Recovery 26% 3
485
Cases -8% 4
15,830
Viral clearance -8% 1
110
RCTs 33% 9
817
RCT mortality 41% 6
488
Peer-reviewed 12% 26
31,115
High dose IV 23% 13
1,493
Prophylaxis -6% 5
16,257
Early 43% 3
445
Late 16% 22
15,324
Vitamin C for COVID-19 c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Favors vitamin C
Favors control
• Statistically significant improvements are seen for
progression and
recovery . 10 studies from 6 different countries show statistically significant
improvements in isolation (6 for the most serious outcome).
• In exclusion sensitivity analysis, statistical significance is lost
after excluding only one of 30 studies in pooled analysis.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
All studies 11% 30
32,026
Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk With exclusions 20% 18
2,220
Mortality 15% 20
15,169
Ventilation 1% 3
370
ICU admission 6% 4
554
Hospitalization 12% 7
931
Recovery 26% 3
485
Cases -8% 4
15,830
Viral clearance -8% 1
110
RCTs 33% 9
817
RCT mortality 41% 6
488
Peer-reviewed 12% 26
31,115
High dose IV 23% 13
1,493
Prophylaxis -6% 5
16,257
Early 43% 3
445
Late 16% 22
15,324
Vitamin C for COVID-19 c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Favors vitamin C
Favors control
• The treatment regimen varies widely across studies and may be high-dose IV vitamin C.
• While many treatments have some level
of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid
infection.
Only 3% of vitamin C
studies show zero events in the treatment arm.
• Multiple treatments are typically used
in combination, and
other treatments
are significantly more effective.
• Elimination of COVID-19 is a race
against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used, including treatments, as supported by Pfizer
[Pfizer ] .
Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral
damage, and endemic risk.
• All data to reproduce this paper and
sources are in the
appendix .
A
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) -204%
3.04 [0.13-72.9]
death
1/48
0/50
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhao (PSM) 72%
0.28 [0.08-0.93]
progression
4/55
12/55
Ried (RCT) 31%
0.69 [0.54-0.89]
no recov.
69/162
46/75
Tau2 = 0.21, I2 = 43.0%, p = 0.15
Early treatment 43%
0.57 [0.27-1.23]
74/265
58/180
43% improvement Krishnan 31%
0.69 [0.47-0.92]
death
40/79
52/73
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhang (RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.20-1.50]
death
6/27
11/29
Yüksel (PSM) 19%
0.81 [0.66-0.99]
death
31/42
40/44
Patel 29%
0.71 [0.43-1.14]
death
22/96
26/80
Kumari (RCT) 36%
0.64 [0.26-1.55]
death
7/75
11/75
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT1
JamaliMog.. (RCT) 0%
1.00 [0.22-4.56]
death
3/30
3/30
Gao 86%
0.14 [0.03-0.72]
death
1/46
5/30
Hamidi-Ala.. (RCT) 44%
0.56 [0.20-1.51]
death
5/40
9/40
CT1
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 15%
0.85 [0.61-1.12]
death
46/142
59/142
Mulhem -32%
1.32 [1.07-1.62]
death
157/794
359/2,425
Gadhiya -1%
1.01 [0.48-1.91]
death
19/55
36/226
Hakamifard (RCT) 46%
0.54 [0.14-2.08]
ICU
3/38
5/34
CT1
Suna 21%
0.79 [0.44-1.41]
death
17/153
24/170
Li (PSM) -11%
1.11 [0.79-1.54]
death
7/8
19/24
Vishnuram 54%
0.46 [0.24-0.86]
death
164/8,634
10/241
Özgünay 9%
0.91 [0.63-1.30]
death
17/32
75/128
Tan 25%
0.75 [0.10-2.98]
int./death
1/46
14/115
CT1
Zheng (PSM) -157%
2.57 [0.39-16.8]
death
12/70
7/327
Simsek 44%
0.56 [0.23-1.35]
death
6/58
15/81
Tehrani (RCT) 87%
0.13 [0.01-2.25]
death
0/18
4/26
Baguma -48%
1.48 [0.41-4.70]
death
385 (n)
96 (n)
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 55.7%, p = 0.044
Late treatment 16%
0.84 [0.70-1.00]
566/10,878
787/4,446
16% improvement Behera 18%
0.82 [0.45-1.57]
cases
case control
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Louca 0%
1.00 [0.97-1.04]
cases
Holt -3%
1.03 [0.77-1.39]
cases
49/1,580
397/13,647
Abdulateef 19%
0.81 [0.37-1.78]
hosp.
8/132
22/295
Mohseni -44%
1.44 [1.22-1.71]
cases
34/43
307/560
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 78.3%, p = 0.59
Prophylaxis -6%
1.06 [0.86-1.31]
91/1,755
726/14,502
-6% improvement All studies 11%
0.89 [0.79-1.00]
731/12,898
1,571/19,128
11% improvement 30 vitamin C COVID-19 studies c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 64.9%, p = 0.049
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
B
C
Figure 1. A. Random effects
meta-analysis. This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
B. Scatter plot showing the
distribution of effects reported in studies.
C. History of all reported
effects (chronological within treatment stages).
Introduction
We analyze all significant studies concerning the use of
vitamin C for COVID-19. Search methods, inclusion criteria, effect
extraction criteria (more serious outcomes have priority), all individual
study data, PRISMA answers, and statistical methods are detailed in
Appendix 1 . We present random effects meta-analysis results for all
studies, for studies within each treatment stage, for individual outcomes, for
peer-reviewed studies, for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), and after
exclusions.
Figure 2 shows stages of possible treatment for
COVID-19.
Prophylaxis refers to regularly taking medication before
becoming sick, in order to prevent or minimize infection.
Early
Treatment refers to treatment immediately or soon after symptoms appear,
while
Late Treatment refers to more delayed treatment.
Results
Figure
3 ,
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8 ,
9 ,
10 ,
11 ,
12 , and
13
show forest plots for a random effects meta-analysis of
all studies with pooled effects, mortality results, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, viral clearance, high dose IV studies, and peer reviewed studies.
Table 1 summarizes the results by treatment stage.
Treatment time Number of studies reporting positive effects
Total number of studies Percentage of studies reporting positive effects
Random effects meta-analysis results
Early treatment
2
3
66.7%
43% improvement
Late treatment
16
22
72.7%
16% improvement
Prophylaxis
2
5
40.0%
-6% improvement
All studies
20
30
66.7%
11% improvement
Table 1. Results by treatment stage.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) -204%
3.04 [0.13-72.9]
death
1/48
0/50
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhao (PSM) 72%
0.28 [0.08-0.93]
progression
4/55
12/55
Ried (RCT) 31%
0.69 [0.54-0.89]
no recov.
69/162
46/75
Tau2 = 0.21, I2 = 43.0%, p = 0.15
Early treatment 43%
0.57 [0.27-1.23]
74/265
58/180
43% improvement Krishnan 31%
0.69 [0.47-0.92]
death
40/79
52/73
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhang (RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.20-1.50]
death
6/27
11/29
Yüksel (PSM) 19%
0.81 [0.66-0.99]
death
31/42
40/44
Patel 29%
0.71 [0.43-1.14]
death
22/96
26/80
Kumari (RCT) 36%
0.64 [0.26-1.55]
death
7/75
11/75
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT1
JamaliMog.. (RCT) 0%
1.00 [0.22-4.56]
death
3/30
3/30
Gao 86%
0.14 [0.03-0.72]
death
1/46
5/30
Hamidi-Ala.. (RCT) 44%
0.56 [0.20-1.51]
death
5/40
9/40
CT1
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 15%
0.85 [0.61-1.12]
death
46/142
59/142
Mulhem -32%
1.32 [1.07-1.62]
death
157/794
359/2,425
Gadhiya -1%
1.01 [0.48-1.91]
death
19/55
36/226
Hakamifard (RCT) 46%
0.54 [0.14-2.08]
ICU
3/38
5/34
CT1
Suna 21%
0.79 [0.44-1.41]
death
17/153
24/170
Li (PSM) -11%
1.11 [0.79-1.54]
death
7/8
19/24
Vishnuram 54%
0.46 [0.24-0.86]
death
164/8,634
10/241
Özgünay 9%
0.91 [0.63-1.30]
death
17/32
75/128
Tan 25%
0.75 [0.10-2.98]
int./death
1/46
14/115
CT1
Zheng (PSM) -157%
2.57 [0.39-16.8]
death
12/70
7/327
Simsek 44%
0.56 [0.23-1.35]
death
6/58
15/81
Tehrani (RCT) 87%
0.13 [0.01-2.25]
death
0/18
4/26
Baguma -48%
1.48 [0.41-4.70]
death
385 (n)
96 (n)
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 55.7%, p = 0.044
Late treatment 16%
0.84 [0.70-1.00]
566/10,878
787/4,446
16% improvement Behera 18%
0.82 [0.45-1.57]
cases
case control
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Louca 0%
1.00 [0.97-1.04]
cases
Holt -3%
1.03 [0.77-1.39]
cases
49/1,580
397/13,647
Abdulateef 19%
0.81 [0.37-1.78]
hosp.
8/132
22/295
Mohseni -44%
1.44 [1.22-1.71]
cases
34/43
307/560
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 78.3%, p = 0.59
Prophylaxis -6%
1.06 [0.86-1.31]
91/1,755
726/14,502
-6% improvement All studies 11%
0.89 [0.79-1.00]
731/12,898
1,571/19,128
11% improvement 30 vitamin C COVID-19 studies c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 64.9%, p = 0.049
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 3. Random effects meta-analysis for all studies with pooled effects.
This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) -204%
3.04 [0.13-72.9]
1/48
0/50
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5
Early treatment -204%
3.04 [0.13-72.9]
1/48
0/50
-204% improvement Krishnan 31%
0.69 [0.47-0.92]
40/79
52/73
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhang (RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.20-1.50]
6/27
11/29
Yüksel (PSM) 19%
0.81 [0.66-0.99]
31/42
40/44
Patel 29%
0.71 [0.43-1.14]
22/96
26/80
Kumari (RCT) 36%
0.64 [0.26-1.55]
7/75
11/75
JamaliMog.. (RCT) 0%
1.00 [0.22-4.56]
3/30
3/30
Gao 86%
0.14 [0.03-0.72]
1/46
5/30
Hamidi-Ala.. (RCT) 44%
0.56 [0.20-1.51]
5/40
9/40
CT1
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 15%
0.85 [0.61-1.12]
46/142
59/142
Mulhem -32%
1.32 [1.07-1.62]
157/794
359/2,425
Gadhiya -1%
1.01 [0.48-1.91]
19/55
36/226
Suna 21%
0.79 [0.44-1.41]
17/153
24/170
Li (PSM) -11%
1.11 [0.79-1.54]
7/8
19/24
Vishnuram 54%
0.46 [0.24-0.86]
164/8,634
10/241
Özgünay 9%
0.91 [0.63-1.30]
17/32
75/128
Zheng (PSM) -157%
2.57 [0.39-16.8]
12/70
7/327
Simsek 44%
0.56 [0.23-1.35]
6/58
15/81
Tehrani (RCT) 87%
0.13 [0.01-2.25]
0/18
4/26
Baguma -48%
1.48 [0.41-4.70]
385 (n)
96 (n)
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 61.4%, p = 0.065
Late treatment 16%
0.84 [0.70-1.01]
560/10,784
765/4,287
16% improvement All studies 15%
0.85 [0.71-1.01]
561/10,832
765/4,337
15% improvement 20 vitamin C COVID-19 mortality results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 59.7%, p = 0.071
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 4. Random effects meta-analysis for mortality results.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Kumari (RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.40-1.59]
12/75
15/75
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control JamaliMog.. (RCT) -25%
1.25 [0.37-4.21]
5/30
4/30
Özgünay -1%
1.01 [0.79-1.29]
23/32
91/128
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.96
Late treatment 1%
0.99 [0.79-1.24]
40/137
110/233
1% improvement All studies 1%
0.99 [0.79-1.24]
40/137
110/233
1% improvement 3 vitamin C COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.96
Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 5. Random effects meta-analysis for ventilation.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Darban (RCT) 6%
0.94 [0.84-1.06]
10 (n)
10 (n)
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Hakamifard (RCT) 46%
0.54 [0.14-2.08]
3/38
5/34
CT1
Suna -2%
1.02 [0.46-2.24]
11/153
12/170
Simsek 10%
0.90 [0.55-1.46]
18/58
28/81
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.24
Late treatment 6%
0.94 [0.84-1.05]
32/259
45/295
6% improvement All studies 6%
0.94 [0.84-1.05]
32/259
45/295
6% improvement 4 vitamin C COVID-19 ICU results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.24
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 6. Random effects meta-analysis for ICU admission.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) 31%
0.69 [0.12-3.98]
hosp.
2/48
3/50
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.7
Early treatment 31%
0.69 [0.12-3.98]
2/48
3/50
31% improvement Kumari (RCT) 24%
0.76 [0.66-0.87]
hosp. time
75 (n)
75 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control JamaliMog.. (RCT) -31%
1.31 [1.03-1.66]
hosp. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
Hamidi-Ala.. (RCT) 38%
0.62 [0.45-0.86]
hosp. time
40 (n)
40 (n)
CT1
Hakamifard (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.91-1.07]
hosp. time
38 (n)
34 (n)
CT1
Tehrani (RCT) 18%
0.82 [0.60-1.13]
hosp. time
18 (n)
26 (n)
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 84.0%, p = 0.24
Late treatment 12%
0.88 [0.72-1.09]
0/201
0/205
12% improvement Abdulateef 19%
0.81 [0.37-1.78]
hosp.
8/132
22/295
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.62
Prophylaxis 19%
0.81 [0.37-1.78]
8/132
22/295
19% improvement All studies 12%
0.88 [0.73-1.06]
10/381
25/550
12% improvement 7 vitamin C COVID-19 hospitalization results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 76.2%, p = 0.19
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 7. Random effects meta-analysis for hospitalization.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Zhao (PSM) 72%
0.28 [0.08-0.93]
4/55
12/55
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.019
Early treatment 72%
0.28 [0.08-0.93]
4/55
12/55
72% improvement Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
2/10
3/10
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tan 73%
0.27 [0.09-0.61]
7/46
41/115
CT1
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 7.9%, p = 0.0021
Late treatment 68%
0.32 [0.16-0.66]
9/56
44/125
68% improvement All studies 70%
0.30 [0.17-0.53]
13/111
56/180
70% improvement 3 vitamin C COVID-19 progression results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 8. Random effects meta-analysis for progression.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) 18%
0.82 [0.63-1.07]
recov. time
48 (n)
50 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ried (RCT) 31%
0.69 [0.54-0.89]
no recov.
69/162
46/75
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.0024
Early treatment 25%
0.75 [0.63-0.90]
69/210
46/125
25% improvement Kumari (RCT) 26%
0.74 [0.64-0.86]
recov. time
75 (n)
75 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment 26%
0.74 [0.64-0.86]
0/75
0/75
26% improvement All studies 26%
0.74 [0.66-0.84]
69/285
46/200
26% improvement 3 vitamin C COVID-19 recovery results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 9. Random effects meta-analysis for recovery.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Behera 18%
0.82 [0.45-1.57]
cases
case control
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Louca 0%
1.00 [0.97-1.04]
cases
Holt -3%
1.03 [0.77-1.39]
cases
49/1,580
397/13,647
Mohseni -44%
1.44 [1.22-1.71]
cases
34/43
307/560
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 83.4%, p = 0.52
Prophylaxis -8%
1.08 [0.86-1.35]
83/1,623
704/14,207
-8% improvement All studies -8%
1.08 [0.86-1.35]
83/1,623
704/14,207
-8% improvement 4 vitamin C COVID-19 case results c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 83.4%, p = 0.52
Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 10. Random effects meta-analysis for cases.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Zhao (PSM) -8%
1.08 [0.64-1.80]
viral time
55 (n)
55 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.79
Early treatment -8%
1.08 [0.64-1.80]
0/55
0/55
-8% improvement All studies -8%
1.08 [0.64-1.80]
0/55
0/55
-8% improvement 1 vitamin C COVID-19 viral clearance result c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.79
Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 11. Random effects meta-analysis for viral clearance.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Zhao (PSM) 72%
0.28 [0.08-0.93]
progression
4/55
12/55
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ried (RCT) 31%
0.69 [0.54-0.89]
no recov.
69/162
46/75
Tau2 = 0.26, I2 = 62.0%, p = 0.12
Early treatment 49%
0.51 [0.22-1.19]
73/217
58/130
49% improvement Zhang (RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.20-1.50]
death
6/27
11/29
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Yüksel (PSM) 19%
0.81 [0.66-0.99]
death
31/42
40/44
Kumari (RCT) 36%
0.64 [0.26-1.55]
death
7/75
11/75
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT1
JamaliMog.. (RCT) 0%
1.00 [0.22-4.56]
death
3/30
3/30
Gao 86%
0.14 [0.03-0.72]
death
1/46
5/30
Suna 21%
0.79 [0.44-1.41]
death
17/153
24/170
Li (PSM) -11%
1.11 [0.79-1.54]
death
7/8
19/24
Özgünay 9%
0.91 [0.63-1.30]
death
17/32
75/128
Simsek 44%
0.56 [0.23-1.35]
death
6/58
15/81
Tehrani (RCT) 87%
0.13 [0.01-2.25]
death
0/18
4/26
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 1.6%, p = 0.017
Late treatment 16%
0.84 [0.72-0.97]
97/499
210/647
16% improvement All studies 23%
0.77 [0.65-0.91]
170/716
268/777
23% improvement 13 high dose IV studies c19vitaminc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 22.1%, p = 0.0025
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin C
Favors control
Figure 12. Random effects meta-analysis for high dose IV studies.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the
appendix for details.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) -204%
3.04 [0.13-72.9]
death
1/48
0/50
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhao (PSM) 72%
0.28 [0.08-0.93]
progression
4/55
12/55
Ried (RCT) 31%
0.69 [0.54-0.89]
no recov.
69/162
46/75
Tau2 = 0.21, I2 = 43.0%, p = 0.15
Early treatment 43%
0.57 [0.27-1.23]
74/265
58/180
43% improvement Krishnan 31%
0.69 [0.47-0.92]
death
40/79
52/73
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Zhang (RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.20-1.50]
death
6/27
11/29
Patel 29%
0.71 [0.43-1.14]
death
22/96
26/80
Kumari (RCT) 36%
0.64 [0.26-1.55]
death
7/75
11/75
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT1
Gao 86%
0.14 [0.03-0.72]
death
1/46
5/30
Hamidi-Ala.. (RCT) 44%
0.56 [0.20-1.51]
death
5/40
9/40
CT1
Mulhem -32%
1.32 [1.07-1.62]
death
157/794
359/2,425
Gadhiya -1%
1.01 [0.48-1.91]
death
19/55
36/226
Hakamifard (RCT) 46%
0.54 [0.14-2.08]
ICU
3/38
5/34
CT1
Suna 21%
0.79 [0.44-1.41]
death
17/153
24/170
Li (PSM) -11%
1.11 [0.79-1.54]
death
7/8
19/24
Vishnuram 54%
0.46 [0.24-0.86]
death
164/8,634
10/241
Özgünay 9%
0.91 [0.63-1.30]
death
17/32
75/128
Tan 
